Among the worms, there are a large quantity (more than 260 species) of parasitic shapes, which belong to the subtypes of flat and round worms.Parasites have been known for a long time by the scientific term, in this regard, the branch of parasitology, the students, was called Helmithology.With the term "Helminthes", the word "towards", descending from the Latin root, coincides in the sense, which means "slippery".
The representatives of pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the kingdom of animals.They parasitize on other living creatures (plants, fungi, animals), and therefore science was born from parasitology engaged in the study of all parasitic organizations.It is a general parasitology, and Helminthology has already been distinguished, that is to say a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic verses.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be necessary, that is to say the creature whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time serves as a source of his nutrition.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediaries (in them, the helminthe passes the larval stages) and the final (in them and only in them, Helmint becomes sexually mature, invasive).
Not a single organ and not the fabric of a single person is immune to the possibility of invasion by one or the other helminthe, but it is at this moment that the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminet properties, namely:
- For example, in such an old helminthe, as a descaride, it is necessary to take into account the action of its anti -azymes - antipesin and antipsin which violate the digestive process.The volatile substances contained in the ascaride of the internal liquid cause various toxic-allergic reactions: hives, bronchospasm and convulsions, lacript and headache;
- Development stage (eggs, larva, change of owners);
- Sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and it is the highest stage of development, leading to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is to say that they become less vulnerable and affected, it is more difficult to "reach" them;
- A long time of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of parasitic life, and this means the chronic course of Helminthias);
- The ability to delete or modify the host's immune response, that is to say, sooner or later, a state of functional immunodeficiency occurs, and this is extremely undesirable, because the conditions almost ideal for the penetration of all rich pathogens are often created) and often) "Draza" retained by the high-level immune system;
- The presence of one or the other helminthe of the immune response is low and unstable, which means that there are practically no immunoprophylaxis methods;
- the widest distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of eggs to persist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow one type or the other to survive in apparently “inhuman conditions”.
The incidence of helminthiasis around the world is extremely high: out of almost 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion are struck by one or the other type of helminthosis, and since many of them are "transporters" of several parasites at the same time, the image will become even more impressive.
Body reaction
A person with their powerful set of adaptive compensatory reactions, the immune system, various non -specific protective barriers and subject to helminthe, can only react to its presence, although the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is sometimes noted.But it is extremely rare, and most often the following can be identified:
- Various toxic-allergic reactions, often the skin.In addition, if the cause of such reactions remains unlucky and clinical manifestations take place, first of all, an in -depth examination of the presence of a Helminthic invasion is necessary;
- neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a Helminthic invasion, in which toxic substances have constantly entered the blood, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional lability, "not motivated" anger epidemics, loss of concentration, persistence, rapid fatigue and sleep disorder.General weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that he had "no strength to shake the hand of a friend during a meeting";
- Dyspeptic syndrome: various, ephemeral symptoms with manifest symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, often rare location and intensity, rumble and bloating, and a feeling of bursting in the abdomen;And a change of appetite as in the direction of the increase (one of the reasons for the unreason of the doctor is "a good appetite, that means that I am in good health"), and a significant decrease in appetite, to anorexia;It is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of multifactorial deep dysbiosis;
- Many helminthes feed on the owner's blood, being hemophagi, absorb vitamin B12 and disturb the absorption process of an anti-endian substance in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucosa often and shallow, but in a large area.All this leads to a chronic blood loss and, in some cases, to the development of anemia (anemia).Here, it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With helminthias, an increased eosinophilic content is often detected (leukocytic cells actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of a Helminthic invasion, subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth retardation and physical underdevelopment, perhaps even with increased appetite;
- In children, during the planned vaccinations, various post-vaccinated toxic-allergic reactions are often observed;
- Helminthoses often cause exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the location of the helminthe and the location of the interested body can be completely different in location in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very often, and perhaps the principle is triggered here that "it is not profitable for any parasite to destroy its victim until the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, having lost and shelter and food overnight", but, nevertheless, the conditions incompatible with the life of the owner.For example, with liver echinococcosis, brain finnosis.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of helminths fluctuates largely according to the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous, and livestock lives safely for many years with sprouted organs with einococcal bubbles reaching a mass of several kilograms.
Characterization of parasites
Helminthes in the human body do not multiply, with the exception of species such as cutter, dwarf tapeen.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.Direct infection of people affected by helminthes does not occur, with the exception of those who are canttigya (gimonoceosis, entorobiosis).
Infection by other helminthias occurs either through the ground (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin is contacted with the soil (strungyloidosis) or water (schistosomosis), or when it eats (shadowarnichosis, diphyllobotriose).
In the body, the helminthes live in various organs and tissues: in the intestines - Asscarids, no pine, tenias, ribbon;In the liver - echinococcus, opistorchi;In muscles - Trichinella;In the lungs - Paragonimus, in the blood - Philles, Schistosomes.
Olistorchus leaf philineus
Human or animal infection occurs when you eat raw or dried fish: Ya, Gardon, Brème.A parasitic boncondelog in the liver and intestines of a person, a dog, cats.The changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, the formation of bile stones, cirrhosis.For prevention, it is not recommended to eat raw or refrigerated fish.
Paragoninus Westermani pulmonary bicarry
These biconds live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed on the smallest bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
The infection occurs during the consumption of raw crabs or crayfish.A boncondelog enters the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - into the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the discharge of the rusty color of expectorations, perhaps with a mixture of blood.When the metastases of eggs or parasites themselves, the liver, the spleen, the brain are affected.With damage to the brain of the clinic depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, convulsions).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and crayfish.
Another class includes dishes - these are adhesive tape verses, which in turn are divided into band and chain band.
The lines of the ribbon in the state of overlap are inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrates.
In addition to similar characteristics inherent in bandworms, there are also significant differences between the adhesive tape and the Ténias.This is particularly important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In ribbons, Helmint - a large ribbon (Latum Difillobotrium) is released, which causes a disease called diphyllobotriosis.The band is wide - a giant helminthe, reaching a length of 15 m.It is a slaughter parasite, lives in the small intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
A person is infected when she eats fish insufficiently fried or badly salty (river - ruff, perch, burbot; lake - trout, grayism) with living larvae.The infection often occurs through fresh pike caviar, therefore called.Some lovers tighten the abdomen caviar directly in the mouth, and with it the larvae can act, causing an infection.
In the clinical image of diphyllobotry, dyspeptic disorders prevail: discomfort and pain in the abdomen of unstable location, rumble, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change of appetite and unstable stools.Often develops, in particular with a long course of the disease, anemia (anemia).With dipillobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is vitamin B12 deficiency.
Helmint removes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, impatiently sucking them with the entire surface of his body, which, like the key to the lock, approaches the joint edge of the intestine and, therefore, increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms appear, including macrocytes and megaloblasts.This shows that with a latent invasion course, changes still occur, which can lead to the future the appearance of malignant anemia with a fabric of fable, skin, strong weakness, tachycardia.
In the diagnosis of diphyllobotriases, the clinical image of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, therefore, the co -prooscopy method is of great importance here, which allows you to detect eggs of a large ribbon in the excrement, which are released in the outside environment 3 weeks after the infection.
The eggs come out with the dog's excrement and stick to his wool.They can be listed in a person's mouth and swallow if you stroke the infected dog, then take food with unwashed hands.The same can happen with a dog's kisses.In the countries of the North where dogs are the nearest domestic animal for humans, echinococcosis in people is quite common.
The echinococcosis clinic is characterized by painful pain in the right hypochondrium, where a formation of tumors is determined with a smooth round surface and, when breathing, moving it with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a suppuration of the cyst or cysts, a breakthrough in bile paths, accompanied by acute pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, several abscesses can form, which leads to deaths.
With the echinococcosis of the lungs, unique cysts prevail, located more often in the lower part of the right lung.At the initial stage, the disease is often diagnosed by accident with an exam by X -ray of the chest.Over time, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain appear.It should be noted that the growth of echinococcal cysts in the lungs is often not lower than the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of echinococcosis, the methods of choice are as follows: radiological, ultrasonic studies, tomography, scanning, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene when you keep dogs and take care of them;Make sure you wash your hands after contact with the dog;Avoid dogs to a person's food and their dishes;Limit direct contact with children and dogs.Wandering dogs are everywhere subject to catching.
Population health education is essential.
Dwarf chain - Hymenolepis Nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.Dwarf tape is negligible against a large ribbon and reaches a length of only 1 to 4 cm.
It should be noted that the development of dwarf tenia occurs at an owner, in which the larval stage has passed from the start, then becomes sexually mature.Thus, a person in this case is both an intermediate and final master.
The main Ténia habitat is the ileon and generally parasitic many people (there are research cases of about half a mile exemplary in the patient).
In the clinical image, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable stool, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, convulsions, epilepsy crises) prevail.
The diagnosis is confirmed when the dwarf eggs in the excrement is confirmed, and the release of eggs is often discontinuous, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to carry out a study 2 to 3 times a month.
Prevention: Dwarf shade is parasitic mainly in children, therefore, in the institution of childhood where patients have been detected, it is necessary to examine all children and staff for the presence of this Helminthic invasion.This also applies to family members.
Widespread non-finalized is a Helminthic invasion that ascariase
The causal agent is a human round worm.The old Russian name of the Asscarids is a rope.The figurative popular language with this name, descending from the word "thong", precisely characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the Helminthe body.Human infection occurs when ripe and invasive eggs with soil particles, when they eat vegetables and poorly washed berries, infected fruits, sometimes during the drinking water of open tanks.
Askarides are linked to "agitated" helminthes, their activity and their mobility are a frequent cause of atypical location.They can be introduced in the appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;in the liver and pancreas conduits with the development of fever, colic of the liver, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - to the rupture of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, causing the asphyxiation of nasal passages and even eustache pipes.The intestinal obstruction caused by an ascaride tube, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of unique parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in the excrement, but it should be kept in mind that ascaroid eggs are absent in the stool in the presence of immature or ancient women in the intestines, as well as during the parasity of men, which is observed in 3.5% of cases.Prevention: vegetables and fruits before eating must be carefully washed and scalded with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink water not water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by the Vermicularis cutter.
In addition to severe skin itching in the periana region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of worms and larvae in urogenital paths, vagina in women.The functional changes of the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, a decrease in appetite, as well as disturbances of the nervous system with headache, poor sleep, irritability, a decrease in performance.
In the diagnosis of enterobiosis, the fact that patients often note the release of pinworms is important.The spindle in the intestines does not punctuate the eggs, so they are extremely rare in the stool.The main diagnostic method is perianal scratching in various modifications, the "adhesive ribbon" method.
In order to prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary to wean children to snack, to suck and to lick their fingers.The nails must be cut briefly and follow their purity.It is necessary to put the part often with a damp cleaning and ventilation.The chairs, the toilets on the ground and the night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main treatment methods
- Pumpkin seeds
- Male fern extract, pumpkin seeds, dichlorofen
- Walnut
- Saint-Jean's must is perforated
- Devyasil is tall
- 1 teaspoon.Dry rhizomes with crusts emphasize for 8 hours in 1 glass of cooled boiled water, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insist for 4 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.L.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- Grate several root crops on a grater or pass through a meat crusher;Press the juice.Fresh jui before using Mix with honey or sugar with taste.Take 1 tablespoon.L.2 times a day in the morning an empty stomach and in the evening 1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tablespoons.L.Boil the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take the carrot suspension for 1 tablespoon.L.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tansie
- Mary is anti-framework
- The birch is wart
- 1 teaspoon.The birch buds insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup of boiling, tender.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the whole portion per day in 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g of birch evans for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, filter.Take 15-20 water drops 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Medicinal Dandelion
- 1 teaspoon.The roots and dandelion herbs are infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling, tender water.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Dandelion root powder (take a dose placed on the tip of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Mistletoe
- 1 teaspoon.Insist the omela in 1 glass of cold boiled water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Walnut hazelnut
- Garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Ordinary Timyan (garden thyme)
- Pumpkin
- Grenade
The action mechanism: modifies the motor activity of the parasite, causing a first relaxation, then the muscle contracture.At the same time, due to retirement waves, the Helminthe is expelled.
Application and dose method
Inside.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications to the use of male fern extract.2 days before treatment, a cleansing washing is prescribed daily in the morning and a salty laxative on the eve of the evening.On the day of treatment, on an empty stomach, they put an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Application and dose method
Inside, children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-12.0-1.5 g;once a day.Perform 5 to 7 daily treatment courses with a 7 -day interval.A month later, anti-seven days treatment is prescribed.
Application method
3 teaspoons.The dry leaves insist in 2 cups of boiling water for 20 to 30 minutes.Drink hot in several tips like tea.
Application method
10 g of Wohn's Brew in 1 glass of boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Application method
Application method
In medical practice, dried wood inflorescences are used.They are rubbed in a mortar and caught in a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g of "citvarian seed" (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5 to 2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last reception at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Lateral phenomena for overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, oppression of breathing and cardiac activity.
Basically, due to toxicity, it is used in adults and not in children.Essential centers and oils have an anthelminthe effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and enterobiosis.To this end, dried flowers can be taken in the form of a powder, in the form of a infusion (1:10), as well as in the enemas of the high extract.And 1 tablespoon.L.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 teaspoon.The dry summit of Mary Anti-Verre, as well as the fruits, insist 2 cups of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.L.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
The decoction of the kidneys has an anthelminthe effect in roundworms.
Application method
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Application method
2 teaspoons.Insist the herbs with baskets of Niva flowers for 4 hours in 1 glass of boiling, tender.Take 1 tablespoon.L.3-4 times a day.To use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an Anthelminthe effect.
Application method
Omel has an anthelmintine action (on round verses).
Application method
Walnut oil is taken inside as an anthelmutal agent for ascaride.
The hot decoction of garlic is used for Anthelminitian enemas.With Pinworms, a slice of garlic onion is introduced into the anus, which kills parasites.
A turpentine is obtained from Mélèze.In folk medicine, turpentine is used inside as a remedy for bandworms.
Rhizomes have a very effective effect against ribbon worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on bandworms, paralyzing their muscles.
The purified seeds with gray-green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against adhesive tape (Ténia).
Application method
Pumpkin seeds take the stomach empty;Dose for adults - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of non-blown seeds, children 10 years out of 300.0 g, 5-7 years out of 200.0 g, up to 5 years at 100-150.0 g.
The coherent goal of pumpkin seeds in a conventional dose and a small dose fern extract (adults 2.5 to 3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of treatment.Fern extract is prescribed an hour after taking pumpkin seeds, and after taking the fern extract, the laxative is given.
The bark of the roots and branches of the grenade has a strong paralyzing effect on the bandworms.
Application method
1 teaspoon.Boil the tough perispability (skin) of fruits or pomegranate flowers in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, filter yourself.Take 1 tablespoon.L.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.